100 research outputs found
Sample genealogies and genetic variation in populations of variable size
We consider neutral evolution of a large population subject to changes in its
population size. For a population with a time-variable carrying capacity we
have computed the distributions of the total branch lengths of its sample
genealogies. Within the coalescent approximation we have obtained a general
expression, Eq. (27), for the moments of these distributions for an arbitrary
smooth dependence of the population size on time. We investigate how the
frequency of population-size variations alters the distributions. This allows
us to discuss their influence on the distribution of the number of mutations,
and on the population homozygosity in populations with variable size.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl
An accurate model for genetic hitch-hiking
We suggest a simple deterministic approximation for the growth of the
favoured-allele frequency during a selective sweep. Using this approximation we
introduce an accurate model for genetic hitch-hiking. Only when Ns < 10 (N is
the population size and s denotes the selection coefficient), are discrepancies
between our approximation and direct numerical simulations of a Moran model
noticeable. Our model describes the gene genealogies of a contiguous segment of
neutral loci close to the selected one, and it does not assume that the
selective sweep happens instantaneously. This enables us to compute SNP
distributions on the neutral segment without bias.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
Linkage disequilibrium under recurrent bottlenecks
Understanding patterns of selectively neutral genetic variation is essential
in order to model deviations from neutrality, caused for example by different
forms of selection. Best understood is neutral genetic variation at a single
locus, but additional insights can be gained by investigating genetic variation
at multiple loci. The corresponding patterns of variation reflect linkage
disequilibrium and provide information about the underlying multi-locus gene
genealogies. The statistical properties of two-locus genealogies have been
intensively studied for populations of constant census size, as well as for
simple demographic histories such as exponential population growth, and single
bottlenecks. By contrast, the combined effect of recombination and sustained
demographic fluctuations is poorly understood. Addressing this issue, we study
a two-locus Wright-Fisher model of a population subject to recurrent
bottlenecks. We derive coalescent approximations for the covariance of the
times to the most recent common ancestor at two loci. We find, first, that an
effective population-size approximation describes the numerically observed
linkage disequilibrium provided that recombination occurs either much faster or
much more slowly than the population size changes. Second, when recombination
occurs frequently between bottlenecks but rarely within bottlenecks, we observe
long-range linkage disequilibrium. Third, we show that in the latter case, a
commonly used measure of linkage disequilibrium, sigma_d^2 (closely related to
r^2), fails to capture long-range linkage disequilibrium because constituent
terms, each reflecting long-range linkage disequilibrium, cancel. Fourth, we
analyse a limiting case in which long-range linkage disequilibrium can be
described in terms of a Xi-coalescent process allowing for simultaneous
multiple mergers of ancestral lines.Comment: 34 pages, 7 figure
Arbitrary trajectory foot planner for bipedal walking
© 2017 by SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All Rights Reserved. This paper presents a foot planner algorithm for bipedal walking along an arbitrary curve. It takes a parametrically defined desired path as an input and calculates feet positions and orientations at each step. Number of steps that are required to complete the path depends on a maximum step length and maximum foot rotation angle at each step. Provided with results of the foot planner, our walking engine successfully performs robot locomotion. Verification tests were executed with AR601M humanoid robot
Effects of rotation and systematic occlusion on fiducial marker recognition
© 2017 The Authors. Fiducial marker systems consist of patterns that are placed in environment for miscellaneous applications and are further automatically detected with cameras. A variety of applications determines the criteria, which characterize qualitative properties of a marker and include such evaluation benchmarks as resilience to occlusion, distance to a marker, false positive and false negative rates, sensitivity to illumination, and others. The paper compares existing ARTag, AprilTag, and CALTag systems utilizing a high fidelity camera, which is a main vision sensor of a full-size Russian humanoid robot AR-601M. In experiments the comparison of the three marker systems reliability and detection rate in occlusions of various types and intensities was verified. Finally, a preferable for AR-601M robot visual applications marker system was selected
Comparing fiducial marker systems in the presence of occlusion
© 2017 IEEE. A fiducial marker system is a system of unique 2D (planar) marker, which is placed in an environment and automatically will be detected with a camera with a help of a corresponding detection algorithm. Application areas of these markers include industrial systems, augmented reality, robots navigation, human-robot interaction and others. Marker system designed for such different applications must be robust to such factors as view angles, occlusions, changing distances, etc. This paper compares three existing systems of markers: ARTag, AprilTag, and CALTag. As a benchmark, we use their reliability and detection rate in presence of occlusions of various types and intensity. The paper presents experimental comparison of these markers. The marker detection was performed with a simple inexpensive Web camera
Long-Wave Instability of Advective Flows in Inclined Layer with Solid Heat Conductive Boundaries
We investigate the stability of the steady convective flow in a plane tilted
layer with ideal thermal conductivity of solid boundaries in the presence of
uniform longitudinal temperature gradient. Analytically found the stability
boundary with respect to the long-wave perturbations, find the critical Grashof
number for the most dangerous among them of even spiral perturbation.Comment: in Russian, 18 pages, 5 figures, submited to Appl. mechanics and
physics, RAS Siberian brunch, Novosibirsk, Russia; Key words: advective flow,
oblique layer, a longitudinal temperature gradient, long-wave instabilit
ОТ СВЕКЛОВИЧНОЙ НЕМАТОДЫ К ПРОБЛЕМАМ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ
Modern development of systems of land use assumes the solution of problems not only at biological level, but also use geographical, economic, social and even political blocks. On an example of beets heteroderosis attempt an illustration of depth of these interrelations is made. The role of the founder of system researches in this area - prof. T.S. Skarbilovich is emphasizedСовременное развитие систем землепользования предполагает решение проблем не только на биологическом уровне, но и использование географического, экономического, социального и даже политического блоков. На примере гетеродероза свѐклы сделана попытка иллюстрации глубины этих взаимосвязей. Подчѐркнута роль основоположника системных исследований в этой области - профессора Т.С. Скарбилови
Evaluation of the effect of locally produced biological pesticide (AқKөbelek ™) on biodiversity and abundance of beneficial insects in four forage crops in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan
Using a non-replicated plot design, we experimentally assessed the effects of a locally produced biological pesticide on the abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity of beneficial insects in four forage crops (alfalfa, soybeans, corn, and triticale) in southeastern Kazakhstan. 2-way ANOV tests detected no effect of the biological pesticide treatment on the abundance (N) of either predators or pollinators. However, there were significant differences in pollinator and predator abundances among crops. Pairwise t-tests between the experiment and control plots for each crop detected no significant differences in predator or pollinator Shannon diversity index values (H). Paired t-tests revealed significant differences in diversity index values for both predator and pollinator functional groups among crops within each treatment (experiment, control). Corn and triticale plots had notably similar predator abundance (N), species richness (S) and Shannon diversity index (H) values. Corn, alfalfa and soy-triticale differed in pollinator Shannon H, N and S values, suggesting each contained a distinct pollinator assemblage. A trial rapid assessment for differences using a point-based system for indicator species showed only small difference among crops and between treatment and control plots. This method may be more applicable in situations sampling disturbance needs to be minimized and a rapid but less thorough assessment is required
- …